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Hazrat Tawakkal Mastan Dargah In Bangalore

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Hazrat Tawakkal Mastan RA Dargah – History, Culture, and Spiritual Significance in Bengaluru The Hazrat Tawakkal Mastan RA Dargah in Bengaluru is one of the city’s most important Sufi shrines and a symbol of religious harmony that has stood the test of time. Situated in the historic locality of Cottonpete, this shrine has been a place of devotion for more than two centuries. Its rich history, cultural traditions, and unique role in uniting people of different faiths make it one of the most treasured heritage sites in Karnataka. History of Hazrat Tawakkal Mastan RA Dargah The origins of the dargah go back to the 18th century during the reign of Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. Hazrat Tawakkal Mastan, along with Hazrat Tipu Mastan and Hazrat Manik Mastan, worked on the construction of the Kalasipalya Fort. These saints were not ordinary labourers but men of deep spirituality and Sufi discipline. After the fort was completed, Hyder Ali offered to pay th...
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The Forgotten Ruler of Arcot – Saadatullah Khan and His Tomb

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Nawab Saadatullah Khan I, originally named Muhammad Sayyid, was born in Bijapur into a Nawayat Konkani Muslim family. His father’s name was Muhammad Ali. In his early years, Saadatullah Khan entered administrative service under the declining Bijapur Sultanate, and later under the Mughal Empire. Recognised for his loyalty and capability, he rose in the ranks of the Mughal administration, eventually becoming a trusted officer in the Deccan region. In 1700, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb appointed him as the Subahdar (governor) of the Carnatic region. This area stretched over much of present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of southern Andhra Pradesh. Though he was technically under the control of the Nizam of Hyderabad, Saadatullah Khan began asserting more direct authority over the Carnatic. By 1710, he moved the seat of power from Gingee to Arcot, which he fortified and developed into a political and military stronghold. This marked the beginning of Arcot as the capital of the Carnat...
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Jagadevi The Hidden Fortress of Krishnagiri: Hazrat Tipu Sultan’s Last Outpost

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The morning had barely broken when we began our journey toward the long-forgotten ruins of Jagadevi Fort, tucked away in the silent, sun-baked hills near Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu. This was not the kind of place that showed up on maps or travel brochures. There were no signboards, no tourists, no paths cleared for footsteps. Only the curious words of a local elder had guided us here—his voice trembling with age as he told stories of how once, during the fiery storms of the Third Anglo-Mysore War, the fort of Jagadevi had witnessed the echo of distant drums and perhaps even the footprints of Hazrat Tipu Sultan’s men. That whisper of history was enough to pull us in. As we left our vehicle behind and began our trek on foot, the path immediately turned into a test of both strength and spirit. The route was unforgiving, swallowed in thick shrubbery and tangled vines, crawling with the raw essence of the wild. Dry branches clawed at our clothes, the earth beneath was cracked and s...
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The Forgotten Map: Bangalore Through the Eyes of the East India Company During the Third Anglo-Mysore War

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The Forgotten Map: Bangalore Through the Eyes of the East India Company During the Third Anglo-Mysore War Hidden within the vaults of colonial history lies a fascinating map — a meticulously hand-drawn cartographic record of Bangalore created by the East India Company during the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–1792). More than just a military document, this map tells a layered story of conquest, resistance, and a city caught between two empires — that of Hazrat Tipu Sultan and the growing power of the British East India Company. A City at the Crossroads of Empire By the late 18th century, Bangalore (Bengaluru) was no longer just a quiet town on the Deccan plateau. It had become a strategic military hub, nestled between the larger dominions of the Nizam, the Marathas, and the British-controlled Madras Presidency. Under the rule of Hyder Ali and later his son, Hazrat Tipu Sultan, Bangalore had been transformed into a fortified stronghold — complete with massive stone walls, deep...
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Historical Bellary Fort of Tipu Sultan

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Bellary Fort , located in the city of Ballari (formerly Bellary) in Karnataka, is one of the significant historical forts of South India. It is known for its strategic military importance and its link with the Mysore Sultanate, especially during the reign of Hazrat Tipu Sultan. Built on top of the Ballari Gudda (a large rocky hill), the fort offers a commanding view of the surrounding plains and served as a crucial stronghold for rulers in various periods. Historical Background The fort was originally constructed by Hanumappa Nayaka, a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire, in the 16th century. Its design took advantage of the natural rocky landscape of the region. Later, the region came under the control of various powers, including the Bijapur Sultanate and the Marathas, until it was finally taken over by Hyder Ali, the father of Hazrat Tipu Sultan, in the mid-18th century. Role of Hyder Ali Hyder Ali realized the strategic importance of Bellary Fort and decided to i...
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Battle of Chitradurga

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1779 ke aakhri dino mein, Nawab Hyder Ali aur Raja Veera Madakari Nayaka ke beech ek zabardast aur lambi Jung hui. Nawab Hyder Ali ne apni badi sena ko jama kiya aur Chitradurga ke kila ko chaaro taraf se gher liya. Unhone sirf talwar se nahi, balki dimaag se bhi yeh jung ladi thi — psychological warfare, baar-baar ke hamle, aur strategic blockades ka istemal karke defenders ko kamzor karne ki poori koshish ki. Lekin Chitradurga ne himmat nahi haari. Is Jung ka sabse yaadgar kissa hai ONAKE OBAVVA ka. Ek veerangana jo ek chhupe hue raaste ki rakhwali ki thi — Unke haath mein tha sirf ek lakdi ka onake, yaani okhli ka musal. Unhone akele hi kai Mysore ke kayi sainikon ko maar giraaya jo chupke se kila mein ghusne ki koshish kar rahe the. Aaj bhi ye kahani Chitradurga ki himmat aur balidan ka prateek hai. Chitradurga ka kila aasani se tootne wala nahi tha. Saat pahaadiyon par bana hua tha, pathar ki deewarein, unche bastions, aur majboot watchtowers se ghira hua — ek prakriti...
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Ankhon Ke Visual System Ka Structure

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Ankhon ke Visual system ka structure, IBN AL-HAYTHAM ki "Kitab al-Manazir" (Book of Optics) ka hai, MS Ayasofya 1493, 83, Sulemaniya Library, Istanbul Aankhon ke structure ko illustrate karne wale diagrams purane zamaane aur Middle Ages mein kaafi common the, aur manuscripts aur papyri mein milte the. Yeh visual aids complex physiological aur optical theories ko explain karne mein madad karte the, jo vision ke baare mein thi. Do major theories thi us zamane mein, jo kehti thi ki roshni aankhon mein jaake stimuli ban jaati hai, jo yeh propose karti thi ki aankhon se rays nikalti hain aur objects se information ikattha karti hain. Euclid aur Ptolemy ke baad, ek badi contribution optics mein Islamic Golden Age se aayi ABU ALI AL-HASAN IBN AL-HAYTHAM (965–1040), jo West mein Alhazen ke naam se jane jate hain, inke kaam se. Ibn al-Haytham ke experiments, jo unki kitab "Kitab al-Manazir" (Latin: "De aspectibus") mein detail kiye gaye hain, ne intromi...
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